Menene Sparger?
Sparger wata na'ura ce da ake amfani da ita a masana'antu daban-daban don shigar da iskar gas (yawanci gas kamar iska ko oxygen) cikin ruwa (yawanci ruwa kamar ruwa ko maganin sinadarai). An ƙera shi don ƙirƙirar ƙananan kumfa ko watsar da iskar gas a ko'ina cikin ruwa, yana haɓaka ingantaccen haɗawa, iska, ko halayen sinadarai. Ana amfani da Spargers akai-akai a cikin matakai kamar fermentation, jiyya na ruwa, halayen sinadarai, da kuma a cikin bincike daban-daban da aikace-aikacen masana'antu inda daidaitaccen sarrafa iskar gas ke da mahimmanci.
Ƙa'idar aiki na sintered porous sparger?
Sparger mai lanƙwasa yana aiki akan ƙa'idar ƙyale iskar gas su ratsa ta cikin wani abu mara ƙarfi tare da ƙananan buɗaɗɗen buɗewa, ƙirƙirar kumfa mai kyau kuma daidai gwargwado a cikin ruwa. Ga rugujewar ƙa'idar aikinsa:
1. Material Porous: Babban ɓangaren ɓangarorin sparger ɗin da aka ƙera wani abu ne na musamman da aka ƙera. Wannan abu yawanci ana yin shi ne da ƙarfe ko yumbu, kuma ana yin shi ta hanyar sintiri (tsari inda ake dumama barbashi don haɗawa tare ba tare da narkewa ba). Tsarin sintiri yana haifar da tsari tare da ramukan haɗin kai na daidaitattun masu girma dabam.
2. Shigar Gas: Ana haɗa sparger zuwa tushen iskar da ake buƙatar shigar da shi cikin ruwa. Wannan gas na iya zama iska, oxygen, nitrogen, ko duk wani iskar gas mai dacewa, dangane da aikace-aikacen.
3. Rarraba Gas: Lokacin da iskar gas ke gudana a cikin sparger, an tilasta shi ya wuce ta cikin kayan da ba a so ba. Ƙananan pores a cikin kayan suna aiki azaman microchannel don gas ɗin tafiya ta ciki. An tsara waɗannan pores don zama iri ɗaya a girman da rarrabawa.
4. Bubble Formation: Yayin da iskar gas ke shiga cikin ramuka, yana fuskantar juriya saboda ƙananan buɗewa. Wannan juriya yana sa iskar gas ya tarwatse zuwa ɗimbin kumfa. Girma da yawa na waɗannan kumfa ana sarrafa su daidai ta hanyar halayen kayan da ba su da ƙarfi, kamar girman pore da porosity.
5. Ko da Watsawa: Kyan kumfa da aka yi ta hanyar sparger mai zurfafawa ana rarraba su daidai gwargwado a cikin ruwan. Wannan tarwatsewar iri ɗaya yana da mahimmanci a aikace-aikace daban-daban, kamar iska a cikin jiyya na ruwa ko samar da yanayi mai sarrafawa don halayen sinadaran.
6. Haɓakawa ko Haɓakawa: Gabatar da kumfa masu kyau a cikin ruwa yana haɓaka haɗakar gas tare da ruwa. A cikin hanyoyin sinadarai, wannan yana haɓaka ingantaccen halayen, yayin da a cikin aikace-aikacen aeration, yana haɓaka canja wurin oxygen don tallafawa hanyoyin nazarin halittu.
Gabaɗaya, spargers mai raɗaɗi suna da matuƙar tasiri wajen isar da madaidaicin ƙirar iskar gas mai sarrafawa, yana mai da su kayan aiki masu mahimmanci a masana'antu inda ingantaccen watsa iskar gas, iska, ko haɗawa ke da mahimmanci.
Me yasa ake amfani da bakin karfe sintered don sparger?
1. Durability: Bakin karfe an san shi don tsayin daka na musamman da juriya ga lalata, yana sa ya dace da amfani a cikin yanayin masana'antu da dama. Yana iya jure daɗaɗɗen sinadarai, yanayin zafi mai zafi, da ruwa mai tsauri ba tare da ƙasƙantar da kai ba, yana tabbatar da tsawon rayuwar sabis na sparger.
2. Daidaituwar sinadarai: Bakin ƙarfe yana da matukar juriya ga halayen sinadarai tare da abubuwa daban-daban, wanda ke da mahimmanci a aikace-aikacen da sparger ya shiga cikin hulɗa da ruwa mai ƙarfi ko iskar gas. Wannan juriya yana tabbatar da cewa kayan ya tsaya tsayin daka kuma baya gurbata tsarin ko amsa tare da abubuwan da aka gabatar.
3. Abubuwan Tsafta: A masana'antu irin su magunguna, abinci da abin sha, da kimiyyar kere-kere, tsafta da tsafta sune kan gaba. Bakin karfe yana da sauƙin tsaftacewa, bakara, da kiyayewa a cikin yanayin tsafta, yana mai da shi kyakkyawan zaɓi don spargers da ake amfani da su a cikin waɗannan masana'antu.
4. Uniform Porosity: Sintering yana ba da damar daidaitaccen iko na girman pore da rarrabawa a cikin bakin karfe. Wannan daidaituwa yana tabbatar da daidaiton girman kumfa da rarrabawa, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar mu'amalar ruwan gas mai sarrafawa, kamar iska da halayen sinadarai.
5. Juriya na Zazzabi: Bakin ƙarfe na iya tsayayya da yanayin zafi mai yawa, daga cryogenic zuwa yanayin zafi mai zafi, ba tare da lalacewa ko lalacewa ba. Wannan versatility ya sa ya dace da matakai daban-daban na masana'antu.
6. Ƙarfin Mechanical: Bakin ƙarfe yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙarfi, wanda yake da mahimmanci a aikace-aikace inda sparger zai iya fuskantar bambance-bambancen matsa lamba ko damuwa na inji.
7. Sauƙaƙe Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙirar Ƙira, yana ba da damar gyare-gyare don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun bukatun aikace-aikace.
8. Daidaituwa tare da Muhalli na bakararre: A cikin aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar yanayi mara kyau, bakin karfe na iya zama autoclaved ko tururi-haifuwa, yana tabbatar da kawar da ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta a saman sparger.
9. Tsawon Rayuwa da Ƙarfin Ƙarfi: Duk da yake spargers na bakin karfe na iya samun farashi mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da wasu kayan aiki, tsayin daka da juriya ga lalacewa da lalata sukan haifar da ajiyar kuɗi a tsawon lokaci, saboda suna buƙatar ƙananan sauyawa da kulawa.
Gabaɗaya, bakin karfe na sintered abin dogaro ne kuma zaɓi na kayan abu don spargers, musamman a cikin masana'antu inda dorewa, juriyar sinadarai, tsafta, da daidaitaccen sarrafa tarwatsa iskar gas ke da mahimmanci don samun nasara da ingantattun matakai.
Nawa irin sparger?
Akwai nau'ikan spargers da yawa waɗanda aka tsara don aikace-aikace da dalilai daban-daban. Ga wasu nau'ikan spargers na yau da kullun:
1. Spargers Porous: Wadannan spargers an yi su ne daga kayan da ke da ƙananan pores masu sarrafawa (kamar sintered karfe ko yumbu). Ana amfani da su don tarwatsa iskar gas a ko'ina cikin ruwa, ƙirƙirar kumfa mai kyau don matakai kamar iska, halayen sinadarai, da fermentation.
2. Pipe Spargers: Bututu spargers sun ƙunshi bututu swicth kananan ramuka ko nozzles tare da tsawon su. Ana amfani da su don shigar da iskar gas a cikin manyan tankuna ko tasoshin. Ana amfani da spargers na bututu sau da yawa wajen gyaran ruwa, kera sinadarai, da iskar ruwa.
3. Bubble Cap Spargers: Wadannan spargers suna da jerin gwanon kumfa ko trays masu rarraba iskar gas zuwa ruwa. Ana amfani da su da yawa a cikin distillation da tube ginshiƙai don saduwa da ruwan gas.
4. Jet Spargers: Jet spargers suna amfani da jet mai saurin gaske na iskar gas don shiga da haɗawa da ruwa. Ana amfani da su don hadawa mai tsanani da oxygenation a cikin aikace-aikace kamar maganin ruwa da kuma hanyoyin sinadarai.
5. Static Mixers tare da Spargers: Ana amfani da masu haɗawa a tsaye tare da ginannen spargers a cikin yanayin da ake buƙatar haɗawa da watsawar iskar gas a lokaci guda. Waɗannan mahaɗaɗɗen sun haɗa abubuwan haɗaɗɗiyar a tsaye tare da nozzles ɗin allurar gas.
6. Cikakkun Rukunin Spargers: Cushe ginshiƙai a cikin injiniyoyin sinadarai sukan yi amfani da spargers don shigar da iskar gas a cikin ginshiƙi don matakai daban-daban na rabuwa da amsawa. An ƙera waɗannan spargers don yin aiki tare da kayan tattarawar ginshiƙi.
7. Drip Spargers: drip spargers sun haɗa da sarrafa ɗigon ruwa a cikin rafin gas ko akasin haka. Ana amfani da su a aikace-aikace inda madaidaicin hulɗar ruwa-gas da canja wurin taro ke da mahimmanci.
8. Vortex Spargers: Vortex spargers suna haifar da motsi mai motsi a cikin ruwa, inganta ingantaccen haɗakar gas-ruwa. Suna samun aikace-aikace a cikin matakai kamar maganin ruwa da sharar gas.
9. Aerators: Waɗannan su ne na musamman spargers da aka yi amfani da su da farko don iskar ruwa, kamar a cikin tankunan kifi, masana'antar sarrafa ruwan sha, da tsarin kiwo.
10. Steam Spargers: Masu spargers suna shigar da tururi a cikin ruwa don dumama ko haifuwa. Ana yawan amfani da su a cikin masana'antar harhada magunguna da abinci.
Zaɓin nau'in sparger ya dogara da ƙayyadaddun buƙatun aikace-aikacen, gami da buƙatar watsawar iskar gas, ƙarfin haɗuwa, zafin jiki, matsa lamba, da halaye na ruwa da iskar gas da ke ciki. An ƙera kowane nau'in sparger don haɓaka aikin wani tsari ko aiki.
Menene frit sparger da aiki?
Sparger frit wani nau'in sparger ne wanda ke haɗa faifan frited ko faranti a matsayin sinadarin watsa iskar gas. Fayil ɗin fritted yawanci ana yin shi ne da wani abu mara ƙarfi, kamar gilashin sintered, bakin karfe, ko yumbu, wanda ke ƙunshe da hanyar sadarwa na ƙanana, ko'ina da aka rarraba. Babban aikin frit sparger shine shigar da iskar gas a cikin ruwa ta hanyar samar da kumfa mai kyau, kuma yana amfani da dalilai masu mahimmanci:
1. Watsawa Gas: Babban aikin frit sparger shine tarwatsa iskar gas (kamar iska ko oxygen) zuwa ruwa. Halin ɓacin rai na faifan fritted yana ba da damar iskar gas ta ratsa cikin ƙananan pores, ƙirƙirar ɗimbin ƙananan kumfa. Waɗannan kumfa suna tashi ta cikin ruwa, suna samar da babban yanki na tsaka-tsaki don ingantaccen hulɗar ruwan gas.
2. Aeration: Frit spargers ana yawan amfani da su don dalilai na iska a cikin aikace-aikace daban-daban, ciki har da maganin ruwa, tankunan kifi, da kuma bioreactors. Kyawawan kumfa da faifan fritted ke samarwa suna haɓaka isar da iskar oxygen daga lokacin iskar gas zuwa lokacin ruwa, wanda ke da mahimmanci don tallafawa hanyoyin nazarin halittu ko oxygenating ruwa.
3. Hadawa: Frit spargers shima yana taimakawa wajen hadawa cikin ruwa. Yayin da kumfa ke tashi da watsewa, suna haifar da igiyoyin ruwa masu motsi kuma suna haɓaka gaurayawan abubuwan ruwa daban-daban ko sinadarai. Wannan na iya zama mai ƙima a cikin halayen sinadarai, tsarin rushewa, ko kowane aikace-aikacen da ake buƙatar haɗaɗɗiyar iri ɗaya.
4. Canja wurin zafi: A wasu lokuta, ana amfani da frit spargers don sauƙaƙe canja wurin zafi ta hanyar shigar da gas mai zafi ko sanyaya cikin ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan sau da yawa a cikin matakai inda madaidaicin sarrafa zafin jiki ke da mahimmanci.
5. Gas-Liquid Contact: Frit spargers an san su don samar da kyakkyawar hulɗar ruwa-ruwa, sa su dace da aikace-aikacen da ke tattare da iskar gas, halayen sinadarai, da hanyoyin canja wurin taro. Kumfa masu kyau suna tabbatar da cewa an rarraba iskar gas a ko'ina cikin ruwa, yana haɓaka ingancin waɗannan matakai.
6. Fine Barbashi Dakatar: Frit spargers kuma za a iya amfani da su dakatar lafiya m barbashi a cikin wani ruwa ta samar sama kwarara igiyoyin ruwa. Ana yawan ganin wannan a aikace-aikace kamar chromatography da shirye-shiryen samfurin.
Gabaɗaya, frit spargers ana darajarsu don iyawarsu ta samar da kumfa masu kyau da iri, tabbatar da ingantaccen tarwatsewar iskar gas da haɓaka matakai daban-daban a masana'antu waɗanda suka kama daga sharar ruwa da fasahar kere-kere zuwa injiniyan sinadarai da kuma nazarin sunadarai.
Menene sparge a cikin giya?
A cikin shayarwa, "sparge" yana nufin wani takamaiman mataki a cikin tsarin yin giya da aka sani da "sparging." Sparging wani tsari ne mai mahimmanci a cikin mashing mataki na Brewing, wanda ya shafi cire sukari da dandano daga malted hatsi don ƙirƙirar wort, ruwan da ke samar da tushen giya. Ga bayanin sparging a cikin giya:
1. Mashing: A lokacin da ake yin dusar ƙanƙara, ana niƙaƙƙen hatsi (yawanci sha'ir) da ruwan zafi don yin dusa. Zafin yana kunna enzymes a cikin malt, wanda ke juyar da sitaci zuwa sukari mai ƙima. Wannan tsari yana da mahimmanci saboda ana buƙatar sugars don fermentation ta yisti daga baya a cikin tsarin shayarwa.
2. Lautering: Bayan aikin mashing, ana tura dusar zuwa wani jirgin ruwa mai suna lauter tun. A cikin lauter tun, daskararrun kayan hatsi, da aka sani da "abincin da aka kashe" ko "mash solids," yana buƙatar rabuwa da ruwa mai sukari, wanda shine wort. Wannan rabuwa yana da mahimmanci don fitar da sukari da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu daga hatsi yayin barin kayan hatsi mai ƙarfi.
3. Sparging: Sparging shine tsari na kurkura ko wanke ragowar sikari daga gadon hatsi a cikin tunin lauter. Ya ƙunshi zuba ruwan zafi a hankali (yawanci a kusa da 170 ° F ko 76 ° C) akan gadon hatsi. Ruwan zafi yana gudana ta cikin gadon hatsi, yana narkewa da tattara sauran sukari daga hatsi. Wannan ruwa mai arziƙin sukari yana haɗuwa da wort ɗin da aka tattara a baya, yana ƙara yawan adadin sukari na wort.
4. Inganci da Flavor: Ingantaccen tsari na sparging yana rinjayar abun ciki na sukari na ƙarshe na wort kuma, saboda haka, abun ciki na barasa na giya. Masu shayarwa suna son yin amfani da kyau don fitar da sukari da yawa gwargwadon yuwuwa ba tare da fitar da ɗanɗanon da ba a so ko tannins daga husk ɗin hatsi. Ruwan da ake amfani da shi don sparging ana kiransa "ruwan sparge."
5. Tattara Wort: Ruwan da aka tattara daga tsarin sparging yana haɗuwa tare da farkon wort. Sai a tafasa wannan gaurayawan hadaddiyar giyar, a zuba hops don dandano da kamshi, kuma ana ci gaba da yin giyar tare da sanyaya, fermentation, da sauran matakai.
Gabaɗaya, sparging wani muhimmin mataki ne a cikin shayarwa wanda ke taimakawa tabbatar da cewa wort ɗin ya ƙunshi sukarin da ake buƙata don fermentation kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga dandano da halayen giya na ƙarshe. Ƙwarewar kisa na sparging yana da mahimmanci don cimma sakamakon da ake so.
Menene sparger gas?
Daban-daban na co2 sparger da oxygen sparger?
Sparger iskar gas wata na'ura ce da ake amfani da ita a masana'antu daban-daban don shigar da iskar gas, kamar carbon dioxide (CO2) ko oxygen (O2), cikin ruwa. Gas spargers suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikace-aikace inda daidaitaccen sarrafa tarwatsa iskar gas da haɗuwa da ruwa yana da mahimmanci. Anan ga taƙaitaccen bayani na bambance-bambance tsakanin CO2 spargers da O2 spargers:
CO2 Sparger (Carbon Dioxide Sparger):
* Aiki: CO2 spargers an tsara su musamman don shigar da iskar carbon dioxide cikin ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan yawanci a cikin masana'antar abinci da abin sha, musamman a cikin matakan carbonation don abubuwan sha na carbonated kamar soda da giya.
* Aikace-aikace: Ana amfani da spargers na CO2 don abubuwan sha na carbonate, canza matakan pH a cikin samfuran abinci da abubuwan sha daban-daban, ƙirƙirar yanayi mara kyau a cikin wasu hanyoyin tattara kayan abinci, da sauƙaƙe halayen sinadarai inda CO2 ke amsawa.
* Sakin Sarrafa: A cikin CO2 sparging, ana gabatar da iskar gas a ƙimar sarrafawa don cimma matakin da ake so na carbonation ko daidaita pH a cikin ruwa. Wannan tsari yana tabbatar da cewa an rarraba CO2 a ko'ina cikin ruwa.
* Masana'antu gama-gari: Abinci da abin sha, magunguna, da masana'antun sinadarai sukan yi amfani da spargers CO2 don takamaiman aikace-aikacen su.
O2 Sparger (Oxygen Sparger):
* Aiki: O2 spargers an tsara su don gabatar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a aikace-aikace inda ake buƙatar iskar oxygen don hanyoyin nazarin halittu ko halayen sunadarai.
* Aikace-aikace: O2 spargers yawanci ana amfani da su a cikin fasahar kere-kere don tafiyar hawainiyar aerobic, inda ƙwayoyin cuta ko sel ke buƙatar iskar oxygen don haɓakawa da haɓaka. Ana kuma amfani da su a cikin maganin ruwa don samar da iskar oxygen ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke rushe kwayoyin halitta.
* Aeration: Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na O2 spargers shine iska. Suna haifar da kumfa mai iska a cikin ruwa, wanda ke haɓaka isashshen iskar oxygen kuma yana tallafawa ci gaban kwayoyin aerobic.
* Rushewar Sarrafa: Adadin gabatarwar iskar oxygen ana sarrafa shi a hankali don biyan buƙatun iskar oxygen na tsari yayin gujewa matsanancin matakan iskar oxygen wanda zai iya zama cutarwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta ko samfurin.
* Masana’antu gama-gari: Kimiyyar kere-kere, magunguna, maganin ruwa, da injiniyan muhalli wasu masana’antu ne da ke amfani da spargers na O2.
A taƙaice, babban bambanci tsakanin CO2 spargers da O2 spargers shine nau'in iskar gas da suke gabatarwa a cikin ruwa da takamaiman aikace-aikacen su. CO2 spargers ana amfani da carbonation da pH daidaitawa a abinci da abin sha kayayyakin, yayin da O2 spargers da ake amfani da oxygenation a cikin Biotechnological da kuma sharar gida tafiyar matakai, da sauransu. Dukansu nau'ikan spargers suna da mahimmanci don madaidaicin haɗakar ruwan gas a cikin aikace-aikacen su.
Menene zai fi kyau L-Shape Sparger ko sparger tube?
Zaɓin tsakanin wani L-Shape Sparger da bututun sparger ya dogara da takamaiman buƙatun aikace-aikacenku da abubuwan da suka fi mahimmanci a gare ku. Kowane zane yana da fa'ida da rashin amfani, don haka bari mu yi la'akari da mahimman abubuwan da za su taimaka muku yanke shawara:
L-Shape Sparger:
Amfani:
1. Haɓaka Haɓakawa: L-Siffa spargers an tsara su don haifar da tashin hankali da inganta haɗuwa a cikin ruwa. Wannan na iya zama fa'ida a aikace-aikace inda cikakkiyar haɗakarwa ke da mahimmanci, kamar halayen sinadarai ko hanyoyin rushewa.
2. Greater Surface Area: The L-Siffar zane yawanci samar da wani girma surface area domin gas-ruwa lamba idan aka kwatanta da madaidaiciya tube sparger. Wannan na iya zama da amfani ga tafiyar matakai inda maximizing da gas-ruwa dubawa yana da muhimmanci.
3. Rarraba Uniform: L-siffar spargers na iya rarraba iskar gas iri ɗaya a cikin jirgin ruwa, yana tabbatar da watsawar gas.
Rashin hasara:
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Sparger Tube (Madaidaicin Tube Sparger):
Amfani:
1. Sauƙi: Madaidaicin tube spargers suna da ƙira mafi sauƙi kuma suna da sauƙin shigarwa da kulawa. Sau da yawa sun fi dacewa da farashi dangane da saka hannun jari na farko da ci gaba da kiyayewa.
2. Madaidaicin Sarrafa: Madaidaicin tube spargers yana ba da izini don daidaitaccen iko akan wuri da adadin gabatarwar gas, yana sa su dace da aikace-aikace inda sarrafawa ke da mahimmanci.
3. Karancin tashin hankali: A wasu lokuta, ƙarancin tashin hankali a cikin ruwa na iya zama kyawawa. Madaidaicin bututu spargers na iya samar da mafi m gabatarwar gas, wanda zai iya zama da amfani ga wasu matakai.
Rashin hasara:
1. Ƙimar Ƙarfafawa: Madaidaicin tube spargers na iya samar da ƙananan haɗuwa da tashin hankali idan aka kwatanta da L-Shape spargers. Wannan na iya zama hasara a aikace-aikacen da ake buƙatar haɗawa sosai.
2. Karamin Yankin Sama: Madaidaicin bututu spargers yawanci suna da ƙaramin injin ruwa-ruwa idan aka kwatanta da L-Siffa spargers. Wannan na iya zama iyakancewa a cikin matakai inda haɓaka lamba ke da mahimmanci.
A ƙarshe, zaɓi tsakanin L-Shape Sparger da bututun sparger ya dogara da takamaiman buƙatun ku. Idan kun ba da fifiko ga haɗawa sosai, babban haɗin ruwan iskar gas, kuma kuna son saka hannun jari a cikin ƙira mai rikitarwa, L-Shape Sparger na iya zama fin so. A gefe guda, idan sauƙi, daidaitaccen sarrafawa, da ƙimar farashi shine babban abin la'akari da ku, madaidaiciyar bututu sparger na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi. Yana da mahimmanci don kimanta buƙatun aikace-aikacenku da ƙuntatawa don yanke shawara mai ilimi.
Shirya don ɗaukar mataki na gaba? Bari mu haɗa mu bincika yadda HENGKO zai iya taimaka muku.
Fill as following form and contact HENGKO soon or you can send inquiry by email ka@hengko.com
za mu dawo mu ba ku maganin sparger da sauri
Aiko mana da sakon ku:
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-06-2023